The normal voltage range of 12V lithium battery is usually 10.5V~14.5V.
This range is calculated based on the nominal voltage of the lithium battery (typically 3.7V or 3.6V) and the composition of the battery pack (e.g., three lithium batteries in series). In a fully charged state, the voltage of a 12V lithium battery may approach or slightly exceed 14V, but this depends on the specific charging strategy and the settings of the battery management system. During discharge, the voltage will gradually drop, and when the battery is nearing the end of discharge, the voltage may drop to 10.5V or less.
It is important to note that this voltage range is not absolute and may vary depending on factors such as battery type, usage conditions, battery health, etc. Therefore, in practical applications, it is recommended to set a suitable voltage range according to the specific use case and equipment requirements to ensure the normal operation and safe use of the battery.